Motor-intent signals are translated into commands for robotic hands, prosthetic limbs, and assistive systems.

Microneedle EMG electrodes, inertial sensors, wireless electronics, and customized liners support reliable acquisition during real-world use.

Implantable nerve interfaces and RPNI muscle grafts provide complementary motor and sensory information for intuitive, bidirectional control.

Electrical and mechanically powered stimulation returns touch and limb-position information through microneedle and peripheral nerve platforms, with neuromorphic encoding for fascicle-selective delivery.