Programmable electronics, electrode design, waveform optimization, and physiological feedback for selective peripheral nerve stimulation.

Focused and low-intensity ultrasound as a non-invasive modality for modulating peripheral nerves and related functions.

Coil geometry, induced electric fields, waveform timing, and energy efficiency for selective, non-invasive activation.

Computational field modeling, fascicle-level targeting, and dose–response characterization define safe and reproducible stimulation windows across modalities.