Flexible strain sensors track bladder volume in real time while pelvic-nerve modulation addresses underactive and overactive bladder function.

Implantable electronics, hermetic packaging, and programmable dosing turn a stimulation principle into a deployable therapeutic device.

Selective stimulation of small autonomic nerves — including the vagus — to influence organ-level physiology with minimal off-target effect.

Chronic implantation, electrophysiology, histology, and functional endpoints establish safety and efficacy prior to translation.