Implantable interfaces for selective recording and stimulation — electrode geometry, microfabrication, surgical deployment, chronic packaging, electrophysiology, and histology.

Minimally invasive microneedle electrodes that cross the resistive skin barrier; thermally adaptive designs are rigid at insertion and soften at body temperature.

Low-noise neural and EMG acquisition — front-end electronics, artifact rejection, and chronic signal-quality tracking across implanted and wearable interfaces.

Peripheral nerve interfaces combined with regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces (RPNI) for complementary neural and myoelectric information and chronic bidirectional communication.

Shape-memory polymers, stretchable conductors, conductive polymers, and tissue-compatible encapsulation balancing insertion, electrical performance, and biological stability.